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Google Growth, Giddiness and Gullibility…

Deep breaths…I’m searching for expletives. Google has not only become briefly the most valuable company on the planet last week, it also has its own eponymous verb. Now I’m wondering will there one day be a verb “Farage”? Could someone ‘farage’ a nation? Not quite damage or ravage, more like persuade a country to screw itself repeatedly. I’m staring at the screens over the last few days and gasping at the fact that millions of UK voters are trusting dear Nigel (again) and his Thai-based crypto billionaire backers to lead them to the “sunlit uplands” which escaped them on Brexit. Anyway, back to Google and another prediction which has ended up going horribly wrong. Remember how the commentariat gurus confidently predicted AI was going to destroy Google because of its dependence on search? Well, the reality today is far sunnier…

Google’s AI focused cloud business delivered $20 billion of revenues in its last quarter. That number is astonishingly growing at 63% year-on-year and surpassed the expectations of all herd-like analysts on Wall Street. As mentioned earlier, Google last week briefly passed Nvidia as the world’s most valuable company at almost $5 trillion. Incredibly, 38% of that value, or $1.3 trillion, was added in April alone. Growth is still being rewarded, despite the simultaneous chaos caused by the strangulation of the global economy’s critical energy supply route in the Persian Gulf. This tug-of-war between positive and negative macro drivers is both scary and fascinating to long-time market watchers. Clearly, as stock markets hit all-time highs, the AI growth story is winning the battle for investors’ mindset. Indeed, the S&P 500 in the midst of strategic White House chaos has managed to add $10 TRILLION in value in the past month. It’s not just sentiment and valuations on the rise. The fundamentals look pretty good too.

The year-on-year earnings growth (yep, that income thing after sales) for the median S&P 500 company in Q1 hit a double-digit 12% pace (Source: Deutsche Bank). The average across all 500 companies actually reached a monster 25% growth rate. That pace of fundamental profit growth hasn’t been seen in at least 4 years and has nothing to do with a pandemic recovery or other macro rebound. Fundamentals like income and earnings matter for the more risk-averse investors. So, it was encouraging to see US high-yield bonds perform strongly in April, European M&A volume at its highest since 2007 and the European bond market just had its busiest day ever. Yes, people are concerned about supply/demand imbalances in the AI infrastructure world but, if anything, demand is running ahead of capacity. Check out the deal just done by Anthropic and SpaceX. This is all about Anthropic’s urgent need for compute power to meet demand. For illustration, Anthropic had planned for 10x revenue and usage growth in the first quarter of this year. In fact, the growth has been closer to 80x……. yep 80x, not 8x. Euphoric stuff, but it’s time for a word of caution.

Confidence and rising expectations are great for driving valuations higher. However, this also brings over-confidence and speculation. Arguably, the gullible are in danger of being sucked into the wrong ‘opportunities’. Two outstanding examples of over-confidence and gullibility working in tandem appeared on my screens this week. First, the original meme-stock, GameStop, which gathered a huge retail investor following from online communities like Reddit and Mashable, announced a $56 billion bid for the much larger company, eBay. However, no matter how many times GameStop CEO, Ryan Cohen, awkwardly told his CNBC interviewers the financing was “half cash, half stock”, nobody sane could make the numbers add up. At best, GameStop equity valued at $11 billion, plus $9 billion cash in the bank, plus an offer of $20 billion of financing from Toronto Dominion was still going to be $15-20 billion short of the asking price. Nuts stuff which probably won’t end well. However, you don’t have to wait to find out with Fermi Inc.

Fermi Inc listed publicly (IPO) as recently as October 2025 with a valuation of about $19 billion. Fermi was riding the coat tails of the AI infrastructure-chasing-energy theme. Its solution was a promise to supply 17 gigawatts of nuclear-powered AI infrastructure….with zero revenues and zero clients. In the subsequent months the CEO and CFO have both departed, and the company still has not signed a single customer. Unsurprisingly, gullible investors have taken serious pain. The Fermi Inc share price has imploded by 85% wiping $16 billion from the IPO valuation. Customers and market traction remain a critical consideration for sensible investors and thankfully there are investment themes out there which are showing encouraging form. Here’s two worth watching.

Amazon’s cloud business, AWS, was built around its first, best customer, Amazon’s e-commerce business. Now Amazon is launching Amazon Supply Chain Services (ASCS). And guess what? Amazon itself will be this logistics business’s first and best customer again. This allows Amazon to invest massively in infrastructure to challenge the incumbents, UPS, FedEx etc. Regular readers will know we have strong positive views on the logistics infrastructure space and have recently raised money for OOHPod. Now, think how Amazon invented cloud computing before it was “hot”. This writer believes logistics infrastructure in the coming years will attract lots of investment capital and… customers. Check out Bloomberg’s view:

“The world’s largest online retailer on Monday announced Amazon Supply Chain Services (ASCS), offering other companies access to its “full portfolio” of supply-chain and distribution offerings. The service largely consolidates a package of existing products — air and ocean freight, trucking and last-mile delivery — into a new suite it says companies like Procter & Gamble Co. and 3M Co. are already using.”

Not bad, P&G and 3M on the customer roster already. Of course, our angle in logistics infrastructure is more deals and more M&A. So, it was interesting to catch another positive signal on M&A activity in recent days. It looks like Chicago’s boutique investment bank, Lincoln International, is looking to go for IPO in 2026. This will be the first boutique investment bank to go public since Perella Weinberg in 2021, and is enjoying a 31% income growth tailwind from 2025. Of course, the perkier M&A environment has helped. Data from Pitchbook would seem to confirm same…

“2025 was a record-setting year for global M&A activity, with both deal value and volume shattering the previous highs set in 2021. PitchBook data tracked 50,810 transactions last year—the first time deal count has ever surpassed 50,000; and combined deal value hit nearly $5 trillion, up 37% from the prior year. In its filing, Lincoln contends that the growth of private capital will create a “larger and more durable M&A fee pool,” particularly for sponsor-led deals.”

Again, we have written frequently about the structural shifts in finance and fintech investment. The opportunities to leverage technology in financial services are enormous, and particularly for small disruptors. The standout number for me in April was the trading revenue achieved by a firm unknown to most. Jane Street is a financial trading firm with 3,500 personnel and a lot of technology. In the last 12 months Jane Street generated $39.6 billion in trading revenues. JP Morgan with 316,000 employees did $35.8 billion; Goldman Sachs and its 46,000 superstars did $31.1 billion. The average revenue per employee at Jane Street was an incredible $11 million. Technology and trillions of dollars of investment capital flows can be a phenomenal combination. So, it is timely that Spark Private investors in the coming weeks will be shown two excellent fintech platform prospects. The beach can wait….

May 11, 2026
What’s The Crack…?
God bless the Taoiseach, Micheál Martin’s script writers for his St Patrick Day’s trip to Generalissimo Trump’s Oval Office. The Taoiseach might succeed in avoiding eye contact with Secretary of State, Marco Rubio’s over-sized shiny shoes chosen by the Boss (no seriously), but the usual exchange of pleasantries laced with some colloquial Irish banter could scupper the whole event. As the non-strategic ‘genius’ of trapping 20% of the planet’s oil supplies in the Strait of Hormuz begins to hurt the entire global economy, it would probably be best to avoid slipping “That’s gas!” into the chat, or “Now we’re suckin’ diesel!” or even “What’s the craic?”. Zero craic for the Taoiseach’s advisors anyway. But, on a broader level, the Trump regime bluster is beginning to crack. Current commentariat thinking is that Trump will avoid an Iran quagmire by declaring ‘victory’ soon and flooding the media with the usual deflections and outright lies. Bizarrely, this time I wish that messaging strategy would work. However, there’s a tiny flaw in this plan. Or, as Captain Blackadder used to say to Private Baldrick, “It’s bollocks”.

The opening of the Strait of Hormuz is in the gift of the new hardline regime in Tehran, not Washington. Yep, that regime change thing isn’t going so well. Unless the US puts boots on the ground, there won’t be much need to crack hydrocarbons in the Persian Gulf for the foreseeable future. Oil production volumes in the region are already being wound down but the bottom line is that the global economy is ‘missing’ circa 8 million barrels of oil per day (out of approx. 100m global demand). This doesn’t sound like an earth-shattering proportion of overall demand but …..welcome to the world of commodities. Any supply/demand imbalance can lead to outsized price movements as the marginal price (most expensive barrel) sets the price for the entire market. The International Energy Agency is already describing the situation as “the largest supply disruption in history” and has released 400 million barrels from reserves. However, despite this announcement (delivery times vary) the price of oil continued to rise to over $100. That doesn’t feel like price control. And, Trumpolini can go on Fox News every night and bluster but the gas prices at the pump are the only truth for voters. It’s not the only crack in the victory messaging….

There are other critical products which travel through the Strait of Hormuz. Seaborne diesel disruption could cause global supply to fall by up to 12%. To be clear, diesel is the most macro-sensitive oil derivative product in the global economy. Think freight, agriculture, mining and industrial activity. Then think of all those ‘always winning’ MAGA voters employed in those sectors. Also, keep an eye on headlines from India and Indonesia who are both frantically seeking new supplies of urea, ammonia and other fertilizer feedstocks. Bangladesh has already closed its universities to save fuel and now we’re talking about the guts of 2 billion people impacted by the basics of food production, education and power. However, if you thought this was just a developing world problem, let’s take a look at the very highest echelon of the financial food chain.

I’ve always been conscious that financial fragilities and leverage can exist in the global economy for extended periods of time but ultimately something cracks. And, that crack can be far removed from the specific vulnerable market. We frequently write about the perils of depending on “other people’s money”. We have also written about the massive growth in a market known as ‘private credit’. In other words, private loans to private companies which do not come from banks. This market has grown five-fold since 2010 to $2.5 trillion globally. Remember these are loans from institutions (not banks) like Blackstone, Apollo, Ares, HPOS, Carlyle, Blue Owl etc. Of course, the explosion of AI investment spend on infrastructure has accelerated the growth of this asset class (private credit) but, as always with fast-growth lending, due diligence standards slip, risk management gets sloppy, and bang….. there’s a problem. Well, this multi-trillion dollar asset class already had two problems:
1. In October 2025, two companies in the US in quick succession suddenly collapsed. Private credit instruments backing auto-parts supplier First Brands and car dealership Tricolour suffered catastrophic losses. Suddenly, risk entered the private credit equation.
2. In January “SaaS-pocalypse” became a market driver as investors began to fear for the growth and security of once-robust software (SaaS) business models under threat from AI. This, in turn, affected perceptions of the security of loans extended to software companies. Companies like SAP and Oracle saw their share prices fall up to 50% from their highs.
In recent months we have been reading smallish headlines about private credit funds experiencing “difficulties”. Guess what? Depending on “other people’s money” can be tricky when headlines cause anxiety. Yep, people who invested in these private credit funds and vehicles (SPVs) wanted to get their money back. Blue Owl was the first high profile name to suspend redemptions. Then it was Blackstone limiting investor withdrawals, followed by the Big Daddy of them all, Blackrock/HPS. Now, Morgan Stanley and Cliffwater are doing the same this week. So, that’s 6 ‘financial gates’ closing as fast as the Strait of Hormuz. You don’t need to guess what other investors in other funds are thinking. Now consider the impact of a disrupted global economy and how the traditional providers of capital to the global economy are reacting. Clearly, deal conversations with Tokyo banks, UAE sovereign wealth funds and European family offices are going to be of a very different tone to those held just a few short weeks ago.

Listen carefully…that sucking sound is not Kash Patel, JD Vance (how quiet is he!) or Howard Lutnick simpering to the Dearest Leader’s latest delusions. Nope, that’s the sound of the global financial system experiencing geopolitical and leverage cracks simultaneously, and the beginnings of capital flows going into ‘flight to safety’ mode. Hopefully, stability will return to the Middle-East soon. We have stared down the barrel of threatened global chaos before. In fact, for 47 years senior US strategic security personnel gamed out the theory that the Iranians would never shut down the 2-mile wide Strait of Hormuz knowing that the US and their allies’ response would be too damaging. That theory is now dead because the White House moved first and apparently (based on this week’s Truth Social outbursts) had no coherent plan for after…..

Now, that would be gas if it wasn’t so serious.
March 12, 2026
Nightmare On October’s Street….
Hallowe’en has provided its fair share of horror movie classics, but Hollywood does not have exclusive rights to October fears. Wall Street is nervous every year. No pagan myths needed. The historic data shows that financial markets are at their most volatile this month. However, do not confuse volatility with sudden downward moves for stock markets. Yes, two of the worst market crashes in 1929 and 1987, and three of the four 10% + monthly falls for the benchmark Dow Jones Index over the past century all beat Freddy Krueger to the fear punch at the end of the month. However, as a professional risk observer it’s important to know that volatility and risk includes upside moves too. As gold, bitcoin, the German Dax, the S&P 500 and Nvidia hit, or threaten, all-time-highs this week you’d think the volatility this month is only going one way. I’m not so sure. Four things bother me….

1. US ELECTIONS: Maybe it’s the seasonal pumpkins, but my mood is more orange than blue. Foremost in my mind is that the polling for the US presidential election has increasingly moved into toss-up territory. I’m in danger of going into denial mode (and consistent with earlier articles) when I take comfort from German stock markets(Ukraine) at all-time-highs, bond market stability (inflation) and utilities/ electricity stocks (climate) smoking every sector in the US including technology over the past 3 months. None of these should do well in the event of a Trump regime taking power. Yet, betting markets with real money (Polymarket) are showing Trump a full 12% ahead of Harris in the probability stakes. Of course, this just reflects weight of betting on a Musk mate’s betting platform (and backer of JD Vance) rather than votes. Anyway, it feels like there’s a few things not quite in the price of various US financial assets right now. Here’s a list of US institutions and voting cohorts who could suffer a major crisis of confidence if Trump wins:
- US Federal Reserve – Trump making explicit noises about “control” of interest rate policy.
- US Supreme Court – the ship has sailed on the nation’s highest court swinging violently to the right. But, the five extreme “Justices of the Apocalypse” on the Court will be emboldened to interfere further with federal laws governing female health, the environment, public safety and corporate governance.
- US Media – Trump is talking about taking away licences from national broadcasting networks.
- US Clean Energy sector – the irony of Governor Ron DeSantis banning mention of climate crisis in Florida’s text books won’t be lost on many this week. But, expect Trump to try to undo many of Biden’s signature industrial initiatives in decarbonising the US economy.
- US Department of Justice – senior DOJ officers, the rule of law and 91 felony convictions could be about to ‘go through some things”.
- US Stock Markets – Trump’s plan to apply import tariffs across the board is not just inflationary, but could cause chaos for US manufacturing supply chains.
2.CHINA CYCLE: Trump is pretty clear about being “a dictator on day one” but what about his other autocratic heroes? Well, it looks like the Donald has been in touch reasonably regularly with his Kremlin handler (thanks Bob Woodward) which does not augur well for the defence of Ukraine’s sovereignty. However, we really should be watching China closely. The Beijing administration has launched a massive fiscal stimulus to lift China’s economic activity, with a further $238 billion economic package to be announced this weekend. Chinese stock markets have rocketed by 25% since mid-September and added $3.2 trillion of value to companies listed on the main Shanghai stock exchange. My fear is that this “whatever it takes” move by President Xi fails to alleviate the stresses in the Chinese property market and domestic economy weighed down by an estimated $15 trillion of debt owed (and much of it hidden) in local government financing vehicles (LGFVs).

Maybe it’s coincidental, but there is a distinctly soggy feel to lots of manufacturing activity data around the world – see September PMI in US, German GDP downgrades etc. So, it’s not just China which needs a boost, and a global cyclical slow down might be the least of our worries. If the Chinese economy continues to stall and Xi becomes worried about his ability to keep power, then the ultimate distraction is war. And, Taiwan is in the crosshairs of that option. Then, note that 90% of the world’s most advanced chips are made in Taiwan and 20% of global goods trade goes through its surrounding waters. Xi might even be watching developments in the Middle-East….

3.MIDDLE-EAST UNKNOWN: Israel’s Bibi Netanyahu seems quite keen on a permanent state of war, and staying in power. And, possibly out of jail. Sound familiar? Answers on a postcard to Mar-A-Lago. Meanwhile, Lebanon looks like the sixth country or region after Iraq, Yemen, Kurdistan, Syria and Gaza to face mass destruction and population displacement through a combination of rogue leadership and external powers forcing regime change miltarily. Now, we await Israel’s response to recent mass-missile attacks by Iran. The chat is Israel’s critical ally, the US, has asked for restraint. Apparently, Netanyahu might not be in agreement with that approach. Meanwhile, Israeli tanks are firing at UN peacekeeping bases in Lebanon. Bizarrely, these events could be described as fitting previous experiences – it’s Israel’s third invasion of Lebanon, and Iran actually attacked US bases and injured 100 servicemen during the Trump presidency. However, my real fear is that the pace of events is increasing rapidly and could potentially upset the “chaotic equilibrium”. I’m sensing an “unknown unknown” could be on the cards and create a whole new paradigm.

4.AI CONCENTRATION: Finally, we know AI can’t solve the leadership and power problems above. But, AI itself is inspiring financial markets and business spend. Be careful. A recent Fortune article flagged the dwindling number of contenders in the AI large-language-model (LLM) race. Yes, OpenAI just raised $6.5 billion at a whopping $157 billion valuation for the largest VC raise in history. Elsewhere, the numbers might just be getting too big. Or… should I say costs. Start-up Character.AI has abandoned its attempts to build an LLM to compete with Google, Amazon or Microsoft/OpenAI citing the model training costs as “insanely expensive”. In fact, the Character.AI team and its founder Noam Shazeer have been acquired (kinda) by Google. I say ‘kinda’ because other commentators have been saying this is, in reality, a monster $2.7 billion re-hire of the former Googler, Shazeer. Big bucks. Anyway, if the field of LLM contenders is shrinking, there’s a possibility we end up with concentrated Big Tech 2.0. On that basis, there is a real danger billions will be wasted trying to take on Big Tech in the LLM space. Even for the big wallets there are increasing reports of data limitations for LLMs. In other words, the exponential demand for data to optimise performance is now generating relatively small/linear improvements. Not quite what Moore or other technology scaling laws had in mind. Oh, and the tech sector’s weighting in the S&P 500 hit 42% this month, a record which puts TMT dotcom “bubble” levels of 32% into perspective.

Perspective indeed, maybe Hallowe’en has spooked my normal optimism. On a slightly more positive front and addressing my biggest current destabilising fear – a Trump win – here’s a few things probably not in the AI training models or the current US polling surveys. Don’t forget pollsters are facing an embarrassing hat-trick of misses, after under-polling Republican votes ahead of the 2016 and 2020 elections. What are the chances they have over-compensated this time? Here’s a few consoling changes in electoral intentions which could surprise on November 5^th:

Female vote: All actual votes in the last 12 months at a state level have missed the huge turnout of motivated female voters alarmed by the assault on healthcare choices waged by the Supreme Court’s reversal of Roe v Wade. See votes in Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Montana and Kentucky as good lead indicators of what motivation means.

White college graduates: Apparently wild fantasies about eating pets, visits to Gaza, Hannibal Lecter and election denial is not a vote getter for non-cult GOP voters.

Senior vote: Like in the UK election, we can miss the senior votes. Literally. Approximately 12 million Americans have died since Trump lost in 2020. Many will have succumbed to old age. Given the average age of a Fox News viewer is 67, there’s a reasonable chance millions of Fox viewers/MAGA cult voters will miss this vote.

A slightly morbid end, but there could be a happy ending where the ghoulish baddie disappears as the cops arrive.

Who needs Freddy!
October 11, 2024
M&A Deals Showing Us New Opportunities

Global leadership is on my mind. Not the extreme stuff. If you can’t avoid the headlines on the excruciating UK Conservative party leadership battle between “Honest Bob” Jenrick and “Jimmy Dimly” Cleverly, I can assure you it’s well worth the effort. Instead, I’m just back from the IMI National Leadership conference and one of the key speaker messages in our uncertain geopolitical world was to watch ‘personalities’ closely. And, believe them. So, rather than jump into geopolitics, this advice can also be applied to business and financial markets too. The return of large merger and acquisition activity (M&A) is a reliable ‘tell’ of executive confidence. These big deals are the real “believe them” leadership actions, not the quarterly analyst conference call types where management commentary is invariably upbeat, and the analysis even worse. So, with excellent timing a number of M&A developments are catching the eye….

Banking: We mentioned in recent weeks an interesting standoff between Unicredito and the German establishment after the Italian bank swooped in to take a 9% stake in Commerzbank. Let’s just say the biggest Commerzbank shareholder, the German government, were not happy. So, imagine the scenes in Berlin’s political corridors last week when Unicredito used derivative instruments to up their beneficial interest in Commerzbank to 21% and overtake the government’s 12% stake as the biggest shareholder in Commerzbank. This is highly unusual cross-border aggressive M&A tactics and suggests high levels of Italian banking confidence. Indeed, another Italian bank, Intesa, in recent days briefly became the most valuable bank in the eurozone. Not long ago the Italian banking system was in a mess as the world’s oldest bank, Monte dei Paschi di Siena, entered near-collapse restructuring in 2022.

Software: All the tech glory has been in hardware in 2024, and software has been feeling the pain. Valuations in SaaS have slipped, pipelines have sputtered and AI has become a deflationary impetus in the coding ecosystem. Uncertainty has bred deal paralysis. So, the sector would have been hugely relieved to see a big private equity buy-out of Smartsheet by Blackstone and Vista for a chunky $8.4 billion, and a 41% premium to its recent share price average. We will return to the significance of private equity doing buy-outs of large public listed companies, but for now let’s focus on high-risk sector consolidation where management teams are already under pressure…

Hardware: Yes, AI has been a winner for chip manufacturing superstars like Nvidia and Broadcom. However, as with all sudden technology shifts, there can be disruption to established players. Intel is a good example of model disruption. The share price is off 50% and the company has adopted a split company strategy across manufacturing(foundry) and chip design(product). As the sole US player with sufficient process/manufacturing technology, Intel has a future but possibly with a partner…..or predator. Apollo Global have been mentioned in the media as private equity financing partners, but recent reports suggest California’s Qualcomm have approached Intel in pursuit of a friendly takeover. That combination would be a $300 billion (+) chip monster supported by US government policy (US Chips & Science Act) and would cause a seismic shake up in the semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem.

Mining: The software sector might feel unloved over the past 18 months, but spare a thought for the mining sector. And, I’m not talking crypto. No, the basic materials critical to our decarbonised electrified future are supplied by a global mining industry which has been starved of investment capital for….. 15 years. That is about to change. Supra-sovereign legislation like the Critical Raw Materials Act (EU) are a siren sound to the frightening mis-match between our cleantech future and the metals needed to meet climate crisis targets. So, watch the ‘leader signals’ as gold and silver prices hit all time highs, and then check out the deal activity. AngloGold is buying Centamin for $2.5 billion while BHP and Lundin are jointly closing a $4 billion purchase of Canadian copper play, Filo. Also, there’s an interesting $2.8 billion green equipment partnership deal between Australian giant, Fortescue, and Swiss construction player, Liebherr. We’d better start believing……in our planetary survival.

UK: Our final M&A development is not a sector specific observation but highlights another unloved area of the investment world. The UK has been in the international investment ‘naughty corner’ thanks to its own historic lack of investment in domestic assets….and a world-first voluntary trade-reduction deal which nobody wants to talk about anymore. So, it was intriguing to read a recent piece of research from stockbroker, Peel Hunt, on UK deal activity. Apparently, there are currently a remarkable 19 ongoing bids for UK companies in the FTSE 350 index. Not all will happen, as Rightmove, Currys and Anglo American have demonstrated. But, the imminent take private deals for the Royal Mail and Hargreaves Lansdowne are a serious ‘tell’. Britain is in play.

The deal environment is definitely picking up. Early private equity research data from Pitchbook shows deal count in Q3 was up 8% and deal value up 20% compared to last year. Also, helpfully, the story on the exit side of things is progressing too – global private equity exits are up 13% in value and 3% in deal count. Now, consider that private equity houses have circa $4 trillion of unspent investment capital (“dry powder”) to deploy and things could get rather interesting in unloved parts of the market. Finally, keep an eye on the Middle East for more than conflagration reasons. Oil prices might be falling but investment in the region is rocketing. The recent FT Mining Summit 2024 featured a whopper statistic that 20% of the world’s cranes are located in just one country…. Saudi Arabia. Oh, and Abu Dhabi’s national oil company just bought Bayer’s plastics spin-off for $16 billion. Yep, plastics. If market personalities are telling you they are beginning to love the unloved, believe them.

October 3, 2024
A Quick Guide For Private Investors In Start-Ups

One of our portfolio companies ceased operating this week. Lesson learned? Yes. Would we use the same vetting process again? Yes. And, no, Einstein’s definition of insanity is not in play here. Let’s be very clear that mistakes will continue to be made. We just can’t forecast the future. In fact, human beings are not particularly good at the forecasting thing. However, we can control the controllables, and one of the critical things for a private investor to control is one’s investment process. Call it a check list. Then, know that we probably turn down 10 opportunities for every one we offer on the Spark platform. So here’s a quick guide as to how we compile a score card for companies seeking new investment capital. Note we will expand on some areas in later articles but, for now, this could be an outline framework used by any wannabe early-stage investor….

Founders: This is probably the most fundamental factor in any company assessment. The calibre of the founders is critical to our confidence that the key people in a startup have the energy, resilience, expertise, discipline and ‘market-listening’ gene to drive a project or business to success.

Solution: A laser-like focus on solving a consumer or business problem which can be clearly defined should underpin any analysis of a company’s product or service.

Validation: Revenues generated by the product or service are the ultimate validation. Note business customers are ‘stickier’ than main street consumers so it is not surprising that business-to-business (B2B) investments tend to attract more investment. Other elements of validation like awards, patents or industry thought-leader financial backers can also add weight to the pitch.

Market Opportunity: Huge global market spend numbers sound good but also attract plenty of competing products and services, and imply a danger subsequent funding rounds shift to the perceived ‘winners’. A niche focus on a particular segment of the market can be an easier ‘sell’ and gain better traction with both prospective customers and investors.

Communication: We just mentioned customers and investors together. For good reason. Founders and startups must be on top of their communications and messaging. A poorly worded investment pitch should raise investor concerns about the primary challenge – forget funding, what about founders’ abilities to win over prospective customers?

Endorsement: Many pitches feature impressive testimonials or endorsements. However, there is a higher impact endorsement – money. Typically, in a funding round we would expect founders to bring some financial/investment endorsement to the table. Think about it – if the founders can’t ‘sell’ their business to ‘warm’ friends, family or commercial counterparties, it’s going to be a lot harder to convince ‘cold’ investors to back a project.

Financials: Of course, not everyone is an accounting wizard. However, returning to our comment about ‘forecasting the future’, whatever projections are put in a business plan are most definitely going to be ‘wrong’. The thing to control is unsubstantiated growth trajectories or ‘hockey stick’ forecasts. Initial projections should show an understanding that a slower grind in the early years is a better (and more credible) base case.

Business Model: Company’s when first entering a market will try out different pricing strategies but there’s a bigger strategic consideration than price. The payment framework for the customer is critical: monthly/annual subscription, up front/service models, wholesale, distribution partnerships etc. Investors should be clear as to how an investee company is going to be paid.

Valuation: This is another area/assessment which is going to end up being completely wrong. However, a base valuation can be derived from the projected revenues/profits in the next two forecast years (and previous 12 months if any). Also, where it is very early days with minimal revenues, a good way to think about a business is to calculate how much would it cost to build the product/company/service today. Monies invested in a company to date are a good basis for valuation. And watch out for technology overspend (so so common) and marketing waste (lots of Google ads algorithm sob stories). On the other hand, proprietary databases built in a niche area can support a business valuation.

Last Mile: Very often investors see great products or services and wonder why the business ultimately does not succeed. This writer increasingly believes ‘the last mile’, aka commercial intensity/engagement, is where analytical frameworks need to beef up risk metrics. Clearly, ‘build it and they will come’ is not a business strategy in today’s world. Scaling up customer bases and revenues is a real challenge for early stage companies. Hence, investors should be very clear about what the marketing/distribution/partner strategy is for a start up business. In many ways, fuzziness on this question makes estimates on the size of a market opportunity (with juicy TAM and SAM numbers) completely irrelevant. A roadmap with milestones, skills/talent build, later funding series, and customer mix evolution should be sufficiently clear for investors to understand the plan and the building blocks required to scale.

Exit: Healthy deal activity for smaller businesses, a sector’s track record of consolidation, cash-rich global players as serial acquirors, the network of the founders etc all help paint an exit picture for an investor. For investors, make sure there is plenty of colour in the answer.

The above is not an exhaustive list but captures the main pillars in our analytical framework, and could become a regular check list for a private investor. Of course, each section features mere highlights and headlines but at the same time this should not be ‘rocket science’. Many of the questions you, the investor, want answered need to be answered by customers and partners too. And, we know clear communication is critical to customer success. So, understand the fundamentals of a business and that’s a decent start to building a robust investment score-card. That’s all you can control. Or as ‘Cousin’ Greg in Succession might say… you don’t need to know everything, just the key business/relationship levers which matter.

September 26, 2024
Betting On Small Can Really Win

Please, no political bets. The headline is absolutely not referring to the UK Prime Miniature. The 14-year Conservative Party mission to shrink public services, business investment, critical trading relationships, institutional integrity and individual standards of public behaviour is ending in electoral wipe-out. Time for new beginnings, even small ones. As I read about UK ‘global leadership’ (with China) in a potential 9,000 millionaires leaving the country before the end of this year, I’m thinking more about generational change and down-sizing shifts in wealth creation strategies. That might seem strange in a world of mega-trillion tech companies but wealth works across different types of assets and for different generations. First a couple of size observations.

An interesting chart this week from Private Equity/VC research data house, Pitchbook, showed smaller private equity(PE) funds outperformed bigger ones over a 10-year time horizon. In the best performing quartile of funds the performance gap was a whopping 6.7%. In real money terms, the returns of small funds were one third higher than the bigger funds. Here’s the chart:

Clearly, the challenge of earning high returns with massive pools of money runs into the problem of a smaller opportunity set. In other words, big funds can only deploy capital in bigger companies and miss out on opportunities with smaller (probably faster growing) companies. However, funds as they become bigger can also suffer from strategy “drift” as pressure to deploy capital forces funds into other sectors, geographies, vintages, styles etc. As a classic illustration of this challenge, look no further than the ARKK innovation fund managed by Cathie Wood. Back in 2021, a big winning bet on Tesla and other innovative companies by the ARKK fund attracted billions of investor dollars. However, since then, the fund has cratered in value by 59% while the funds which track the Nasdaq tech index are up 37%. Big can sometimes be painful. Of course, new strategies can help diversify risk for investors and five headlines caught my eye this week:

Blackrock Muscles Into Private Assets Market For Wealth Clients – Bloomberg

Andreessen Horowitz plans to launch a private equity fund – Fortune

Carlyle and KKR beat rivals to win $10bn Discover Financial loan portfolio – Financial Times

Private Credit Is Trouncing Private Equity So Far This Year – Wall Street Journal

Watford FC Sells Digital Equity Tokens – Techopedia

So, the giant manager of publicly listed assets is looking for private assets, the venture capital giant wants private equity, the private equity monsters are going for better returns in private credit (loans) and Elton John’s former club is looking for digital equity. Got all that? Probably not, but, if we think about Elton and the music business 20 years ago then you’re witnessing a similar generational shift in investment/wealth products. Investors, as individuals or as families, are increasingly looking to invest in private assets, not just publicly listed companies or funds. There is also an additional trend we should be watching. Private investors are now organising themselves in syndicates or family office structures and the latter segment is sitting on enormous pools of wealth. Try these for size:

*Family offices currently manage circa $10 trillion of investments. Compare that to the higher profile hedge fund industry which manages $6.5 trillion.

*There are currently 15,000 family offices operating and actively investing globally.

*Now, for the banger. In the next 20 years there will be a seismic transfer of wealth from “Baby Boomers” to the next generation. Current estimates of this generational wealth transfer exceed $80 trillion.

So, this investor base of family offices will have new principals and new ‘purpose’. Apart from asset growth , tax structuring, succession planning and philanthropy, it is increasingly likely these investors will be ‘values driven’, and possibly less interested in the buy-and-sell 5-year cycles of private equity and venture capital funds. In this writer’s view, a massive pool of patient purposeful capital is poised to disrupt the traditional way companies are funded. And, for smaller companies and smaller investors this should be considered a win without any need for Gambling Commission scrutiny…..

June 27, 2024
Investors Need The Old Economy Too

Investors need to be aware of investment cycles as well as economic cycles. The investment stars of today can be the performance dogs of tomorrow. Just don’t tell South Dakota Governor, Kristi Noem, who has spectacularly blown up her vice-presidential ambitions in recent days. Kristi got her MAGA guns, God and babies messaging confused and thought it was a good idea to publish a book featuring a tale about her shooting a misbehaving puppy, Cricket. Not sure there’s even an emoji to cover that. Nor do investors really need to be told that shooting puppies is not a great vote winner. However, investors do need to know that star stocks can fade and badly performing ‘dogs’ do make comebacks.

Financial market stars are often the ‘next shiny thing’ and the Covid-19 pandemic introduced lots of new companies which suddenly entered our daily lives and kept the global economy going. Consider online payments and Shopify. Its share price collapsed by 20% (and $20 billion!) in one evening this week and joined other pandemic superstars like Peloton, Zoom, RingCentral etc. in a combined $1.5 trillion loss of market value since the end of 2020 (Source: Financial Times). Meanwhile, the old economy which was kept alive by these companies is finally shaking off its ‘dog’ status as the tech-obsessed investment markets realise we need the old stuff too. In fact, three recent developments have caught our eye and signal potential opportunity.

First, we need to dig. Not literally, but the most basic activity underpinning economic activity since the Stone Age is probably the extraction of basic materials. So, when a potentially massive deal in the mining sector is reported we should pay attention. The $39 billion approach by BHP Billiton for De Beers owner, Anglo American, shines a light on a sector which has been largely shunned by investors on ESG, geopolitics, talent retention and energy cost worries. A pick up in M&A activity suggests a floor for executive expectations and potential upside opportunity for investors. Indeed, in our recent Private Portfolio Thoughts newsletter we wrote:

“….the entire out-of-favour global mining sector is now worth approximately the same as just one technology company, Google ($2.2 trillion). However, when we see research showing China controlling almost 80% of the value chain in electric vehicle (EV) battery production we’d expect a few mining and mining technology ‘diamonds’ to be completely undervalued as the world races to EV adoption and net zero targets.”

The mining sector, despite its sustainability (ESG) challenges, is a critical part of our decarbonised future. As an illustration, the race to electrify the global economy requires more copper in the next 25 years than has been produced in the sector’s entire history. But a shortage of investment threatens that electric transition. For investors, capital shortage (vs ‘hot’ capital stampedes) means probable opportunity and…..on the capital front, there might be better news too.

The critical cog in the global financial system is the banking sector. Of course, banking had its almost-perennial risk shock last year with the failure of Silicon Valley Bank(SVB) but, arguably, the lack of systemic knock-on impact should be taken as a positive. Furthermore, the stabilisation of interest rates (even if not falling) without major economic casualties to date is also encouraging. So, like the mining sector, we’d be looking for major deal activity from ‘insider’ executives to confirm there was potential sector upside ahead. Step forward Spanish banking.

Bilbao-based BBVA has just launched a hostile $13 billion bid for its domestic competitor, Sabadell. Not just a bid, but a riskier hostile one too. Also, don’t forget recent bank deals in the UK – Nationwide buying Virgin Money ($3.7 billion) and Barclays acquiring Tesco Bank (up to $1 billion). This feels significant and check out the performance of the financial sector in a “Magnificent 7” tech-dominated US market. Larger US financials are actually outperforming the top tech names in the Nasdaq 100 index year-to-date (+10% vs +7.6%). Also, it is interesting that the traditional barometer of the broader old economy, the Dow Jones Index, is on a 6-day winning tear. Perhaps, the dogs (but not Cricket) are back?

Finally, the combination of the old economy Dow Jones rising, banks gaining deal confidence and shunned sectors doing M&A prompts a further thought. Public markets have been shrinking for years in terms of numbers of quoted companies listed on public exchanges. However, the role of private capital and private markets has grown in significance. Pitchbook’s latest research suggests private markets now control $14.7 trillion in assets, growing by an annualised 12.8% each year since 2012.

Those private assets include private equity, real estate, infrastructure, venture capital and private debt/credit. The latest projections from the Pitchbook research team say these assets could stretch to $24 trillion by 2028 in a positive macro environment. This writer has also seen research showing family offices for the uber-rich now allocate 46% of their investment portfolios to private assets. So, let’s join the dots here. It seems entirely possible that ‘old economy’ companies could be purchased in private buy-out deals, backed by private capital and more confident banks. That’s a healthy development for investment markets but also provides opportunities for investors to diversify their portfolio into private assets. Now, start digging, or even mining those possibilities.

May 9, 2024
The Value Of Good Times Revisited
My first year on this planet was the first for humanity on the moon. A good year but no memory of it. Probably my earliest happiest memory was lying on the floor playing with Airfix toy soldiers in a Waterloo battle scene at Christmas time as Simon & Garfunkel’s ‘The Boxer’ played on my parents’ hi-fi. Happy times, and always grateful for plenty more over the following decades. However, last week another ‘good times’ feeling was prompted by the radio belting out “The Boxer”, quickly followed by a news update on another lunar expedition. Yep, it was Japan’s turn to visit the moon but also a reminder of how much I loved living in Tokyo in the ‘90s. Good years, many memories. I won’t be visiting there any time soon but the memory-jog from the East could be timely. Japan might just be about to revisit its own good times…..

The main stock market index in Tokyo, the Nikkei 225, recovered to a 34-year high this week. That’s a positive headline but doesn’t escape the fact that the Japanese stock market has only returned to index levels last seen when I first landed in Japan. However, there’s a lot more going on than headlines highlighting 34-years of zero wealth creation. In fact, I’d almost use the word ‘progress’. Progress might not sound like a big deal to readers, and I might have shared that very same view until I came across a fascinating piece of data in the Financial Times(FT) in recent weeks. Thanks to the Google AI tool, Ngram Viewer, one can explore language usage trends over time by searching millions of books, documents and other text sources.

According to the FT’s John Burn-Murdoch, usage in the West of English, French and German words for “progress, advance, future, rise and improvement” have been in decline since a few years after Apollo 11’s daring touch-down on the moon. Meanwhile, usage of the words for “threat, worry, caution, risk and caution” have increased significantly to suggest a multi-decade cultural shift to risk-aversion, or ‘safetyism’ which is being used a lot these days in AI discussions. Indeed, a recent excellent David McWilliams podcast with Burn-Murdoch explored this potential connection between culture, language and growth. For Japan, this analysis must genuinely resonate. After decades of trying to unwind huge debt levels in its financial system, and persuade its ageing population to spend, there are interesting developments which point to a significant cultural shift.

Leaving aside the ambition to be only the 5^th nation in history to successfully ‘soft’ land on the moon, Japan is flexing its ‘progress’ and ‘advance’ muscles further afield. How about the daring move by Nippon Steel last September to buy iconic US industrial asset, US Steel, for $14 billion? Or Softbank swooping for Ireland’s Cubic Telecom in a €473m deal pre-Christmas? Perhaps the even bigger deal is the incoming capital landing on the island nation. Last April we wrote about Warren Buffett buying up significant stakes in Japanese sogo shosha, 150-year old industrial trading houses, described by Buffett himself as “a cross-section of not only Japan, but of the world”. In some ways, Japan is the beneficiary of a global China de-coupling. Indeed, its trading houses could be considered a new de-risked staging post to access the Asian middle-class; a cohort which will account for a stunning two thirds of the global total by 2030. And….Buffett is not the only financial guru revisiting Japan.

Steve Cohen, has opened a Tokyo office of his Point72 hedge fund and US private equity player, Ares Management, has announced plans to do the same in 2024. Ken Griffin’s Citadel, the most successful hedge fund in history, has also decided to reopen its Japan office. So what’s the deal? Well, when an iconic Japanese industrial giant like Toshiba agreed in September 2023 to a $14 billion sale to local private equity firm, Japan Industrial Partners (JIP), that was a very big deal. Not the size, but the business cultural signal. Typically, underperforming companies on the Japanese market have stubbornly rebuffed shareholders’ demands for maximizing returns on invested capital. In fact, the Japanese authorities have frowned upon the unfettered threat of Anglo-Saxon-style unsolicited takeover bids. Without the threat of takeovers, Japanese companies, in aggregate, have displayed the following unique features:
- Japan’s listed companies sit on enormous cash piles amounting to almost 45% of their market capitalization. That’s about three times what UK or US companies hold (Source: IMF)
- Prior to Covid-19, Bloomberg reported that total cash held by Japanese companies on their balance sheets had reached 90% of Japan’s $5 trillion GDP.
- 40% of companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange finished 2022 with net cash holdings equal to more than 20% of their equity. (Source: Carlyle)
- 50% of companies listed in Japan are trading below the value of the assets on their balance sheets. In financial valuation terms this is expressed as a price-to-book ratio of less than 1x. (Source: Schroders)
So, cash is king. But, in a super-low interest rate Japan, un-deployed cash is killing investment returns. This is reflected in so many companies trading on valuation multiples less than 1x price-to-book, but is now poised for a shake-up. The Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) has formally instructed all listed companies whose price-to-book ratio is less than 1x to raise their multiple above 1x, or risk being de-listed. One way to do that is to reduce the book value in the ratio by handing cash back to shareholders. The TSE has published a “name and shame” list and this is raising investor expectations of better governance and deployment of capital. In fact, more than 50% of Japanese companies have increased their cash dividends to shareholders in the last year. Sounds like Warren, Ken and Steve have their eyes on the ball. And, if you like ball games, then Japan is making waves there too..

Shohei Otani from Iwate Prefecture has just signed a $700 million contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball franchise. This is the biggest individual contract signed in history, in any sport, and it feels like ‘a moment’ for Japan. I sense other moments too. Tokyo’s stock exchange has just passed out Shanghai in market value and regained its place as Asia’s biggest equity market. And, it’s not just investment capital coming to Japan. Back in the mid-1990s tourist numbers were just over 3 million. That number had rocketed to over 30 million before Covid struck. Anecdotally, Japan seems to be on so many ‘bucket lists’ as the last advanced economy which is truly a different experience for travellers. Also, thanks to its price stagnation problem over the last 30-years Japan is presenting far better relative value attractions than its “pricy” reputation. Of course, value is a huge factor in financial markets so my final Japan revelation might surprise.

We mentioned earlier that Japan’s stock market has only just returned to levels last seen in 1990. In other words, the long-run multi-decade returns on Japanese assets (on average) have been close to zero. However, the annual valuation “bible” published by Nobel Prize winner, Eugene Fama, and Kenneth French has just thrown up an amazing bit of data. Japanese stocks which qualify as value stocks (low valuation ratios like Price-Earnings, Price-Book etc) have compounded returns at 6.5% annually in the period 1990 to 2022. In a global market recently dominated by Big Tech and “Magnificent Seven” turbo-charged valuations and share price gains this is a timely reminder of Warren Buffett’s super-power, TIME, and his focus on value for long-run returns. For investors today, the investment question should always address value but also… timing. Right now, watching these moments, I’m wondering is it Japan’s time for good times again? It certainly has a fighting chance.

“In the clearing stands a boxer
And a fighter by his trade
And he carries the reminders
Of every glove that laid him down” – Simon & Garfunkel
January 23, 2024
A Short History Of Investor Panic
So, do I wear a face mask on my weekly Ryanair run to London? Will I eat Italian for lunch? Not sure. Will it matter in the long run? Probably not. Welcome to the world of human emotions, fear and temporary loss of reason. Sadly the human cost of the Coronavirus is very permanent just like measles, malaria and the flu. However, in the context of financial markets, a new virus and an understandably fast-moving learning curve can generate real fear and uncertainty. And that is a markets killer.

More than a month ago we tried to warn and quantify that very impact in “Charting a Dose of Flu” and we are already halfway there in terms of wealth destruction on US equity markets. Now, it’s time to move ahead of the CNBC “Markets in Turmoil” chyrons and apply a bit of historical perspective. This wide-angle history lens should calm investor nerves as financial headlines scream “Panic”. Firstly, investors are correct to interpret the quasi-shut down of the master cog in the global supply chain, China, as financially damaging for companies.

However, the likelihood is that depressed economic activity will catch up on lost production/demand in later months in the year. What is less rational from an investor perspective is that the valuations of major companies with multi-decade cash flows ahead of them have suddenly changed. That makes no sense as equities discount the long-run cash flow returns of a company. In a nutshell, the financial impact, unlike the human impact, is temporary, not permanent. Fear is the driver and markets almost every year experience the same. We thought the following data points, many from the excellent Charlie Bilello on Twitter, would provide some interesting context:
- The S&P 500 is down 6.28% over the past 2 days. That’s the 109^th largest 2-day decline going back to 1928
- The S&P 500 is now down 7.6% from its recent all-time high. Now consider the average intra-year drop for the S&P since 1928 is 16.3%.
- Volatility has been very low in recent times thanks to central bank support. In fact, there had not been a 5% pullback for a whopping 8 months. Have we become spoilt by zero volatility?
- 1000 point declines for the Dow Jones Index sound scary but consider inflation and the growth of capital markets over the past 40 years. A daily 1000 point decline in percentage terms(3.56%) ranks as merely the 229^th worst day since 1900.
- Since 2009 markets have experienced 5% plus declines on 26 occasions. We’ve been here before, many times.
- Investors are not quite abandoning capital markets. Bonds are hitting all-time highs, Zoom the video conferencing app is flying so business and capital markets will adjust to current conditions.
- Remember in a previous article we highlighted the research from Fidelity that its clients with the best returns were dead ones ie those that can’t react to headlines and emotions. Non-professional traders should try to avoid emotional reflex actions or panic selling.
If one were to be slightly constructive on serious economic disruption there a number of less obvious positives that could emerge. First, ultra low-interest rates have kept zombie companies alive and stifled productivity and investment in better companies. A short sharp shock might force some franchises (or their bankers) to finally call time on their activities. Second, an uncomfortable concentration of global manufacturing capacity in China needs to be reviewed. With ESG investment criteria coming down the tracks it might force some real conversations/negotiations on China’s track record on human rights.

Of course, Warren Buffett will also tell you time is your greatest investment tailwind and that the time to be greedy is when others are fearful. It will be interesting to see what he does with his $128 billion cash pile sitting on Berkshire Hathaway’s balance sheet. So, buckle up, things are moving fast but keep an eye on financial history and you’ll avoid the fearful holes others will fall into.

“One slip, and down the hole we fall/

It seems to take no time at all”

– ‘One Slip’ from Pink Floyd’s Momentary Lapse of Reason
February 26, 2020
Fuel For Thought for Aramco…

Well, well, well. It appears oil wells are no longer the stuff of bankers’ dreams. For a fleeting moment this writer almost felt sorry for the investment bankers who had to meet with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s officials in Riyadh at the weekend. The message the bankers had to deliver over the whirring of bonesaws was not an easy one. The crown jewel of Saudi industry and national oil champion, Aramco, was due to embark on a series of investor roadshows around the world this week to sell shares in its planned December IPO. However, there was a small flaw in the plan.

Despite the efforts of the 25 banks employed in the selling syndicate there was almost zero international investor appetite for shares in Aramco at even reduced valuations. The awkward advisory report delivered was that there would be no international roadshows and that the only likely interest was in Saudi Arabia itself and some neighboring Gulf states. The shunning of Aramco is remarkable given its status as the world’s most profitable company. In 2018 it’s profits were $111 billion thanks to an ability to pump an average of 13 million barrels of oil daily. For context, the total US output is 10 million barrels daily.

The banker embarrassment didn’t end with roadshow cancellations. The much-hyped goal of the Crown Prince to list a company valued at $2 trillion was dashed with current valuations pitched at around the $1.5 trillion level. Without international participation, the number of shares is being scaled back dramatically to just 1.5% of the total share capital rather than the anticipated 5%. One suspects the subjects of the Saudi kingdom won’t have the luxury of negotiating valuations albeit they might get the opportunity to visit the Riyadh Ritz Carlton…

On a slightly more serious note there are a number of issues to consider for investors in light of this IPO push back. Aramco is no WeWork. It is a hugely profitable company with real assets, sovereign customers like China and the prospect of relatively high dividend yields in a zero interest rate world. It is easy to dismiss investor unease as a fear of being a minority shareholder in a Saudi state-owned enterprise or Aramco’s vulnerability in the unstable Middle East. Recent Houthi/Iran attacks on Aramco refining infrastructure will also bolster that risk factor in investor minds but we think there are bigger structural trends to consider.

Fossil fuel energy is in a long term downtrend in international financial markets. The US energy sector ETF (XLE) has almost halved in value in the past 5 years. In previous articles, we have referenced hedge funds which now consider climate change risks before every investment. Pools of capital are chasing renewable energy, electric vehicles, recycling, meat alternatives, etc. as the investment assets with future rising demand and returns. Oil is not part of the climate change future. In fact, Aramco alone has generated 4.4% of all the world’s CO2 and methane emissions since 1965. That’s some history. Here’s the misery chart for oil company investors over the last 5 years.

So there is definitely an environmental risk factor in most investors’ processes these days. However, that’s not the only risk consideration. The increasing popularity of ESG compliant investment (that’s Environment, Social, Governance standards) is not just driven by a sudden embrace of “good” corporate citizenship by companies and investing institutions alike. The other critical factor is that recent performance data suggests funds which feature ESG risk filters in their investment process are more likely to outperform.

The problem for Aramco and its outsized share of the Saudi economy was that investors have equated Aramco with the Saudi kingdom itself. The Saudi track record of repression of women, dissent, Shiite minorities and weaker neighbour states like Bahrain was a difficult pitch for the bankers to investors who would be minority shareholders in governance terms. The human rights atrocities in Yemen and the murder of WSJ journalist Jamal Khashoggi are the more lethal examples of societal tyranny listed earlier and would be red flags in any social or ESG risk evaluation.

Aramco is an extreme example of ESG failure given investors are now prepared to give up on attractive near term dividends. ESG will continue to grow in influence and actually start to impact valuations; think of it in terms of investor demand(ability to invest). Unfortunately for the oil sector, all the ESG trends are moving in the wrong direction. Climate comes first… and then the creditors.

Many oil and gas companies will in the not too distance future have their Riyadh Ritz Carlton “moment” with their lenders. Tears will flow rather than oil, but not so many from the planet’s citizens who will continue to battle extreme fire, flood and temperature events.

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November 20, 2019